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color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5168\u56fd\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u3002\u4ed6\u88c1\u51b3\u7f57\u592b\u5f53\u9009\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\uff0c\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u6210\u4e86\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u63d0\u643a\u8005\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u8981\u4ece\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5165\u5fb7\u5dde\u653f\u575b\u5f00\u59cb\u7b97\u8d77\u3002\u5fb7\u5dde\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u81ea\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u7262\u7262\u5730\u88ab\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u7f57\u592b\u8fdb\u5165\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f00\u59cb\u5d29\u89e3\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000<br \/>\n\u3000\u5728\u4ed6\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fb7\u5dde\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u90fd\u88ab\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u628a\u6301\u3002\u4f46\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u54a8\u8be2\u7684\u4e3b\u987e\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5fb7\u5dde\u7684\u5dde\u957f\u3001<br \/>\n\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3001\u5fb7\u5dde\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\u548c\u5fb7\u5dde\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u65e9\u57281980\u5e74\uff0c\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u7ade\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u96c7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u7f57\u592b\u3002\u540e\u6765\u91cc\u6839\u5f53\u9009\uff0c\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u5c31\u4efb\u526f\u603b<br \/>\n\u7edf\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000<br \/>\n\u3000\u7f57\u592b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u987e\u95ee\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u4ed6\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u987e\u95ee\u548c\u5176\u4e3b\u987e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u987e\u95ee\u662f\u53d7\u96c7\u4e8e\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u95e8\u4e0b\u6c42\u804c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f57\u592b\u7ed9\u8c01<br \/>\n\u5f53\u987e\u95ee\u8c01\u5c31\u5f53\u9009\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u95e8\u5c31\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u6295\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u95e8\u4e0b\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6350\u6b3e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u770b\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u773c\u5149\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u7f57\u592b\u770b\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u624d\u613f\u610f\u5f80\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u6295\u8d44\u3002<br \/>\n\u7f57\u592b\u4e5f\u501f\u6b64\u4fdd\u6301\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5982\u5b89\u7136\u7b49\u5fb7\u5dde\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u603b\u88c1\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5ae1\u7cfb\u6350\u6b3e\u4eba\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u30001999\u5e74\u4ed6\u628a\u5e03\u4ec0\u63a8\u51fa\u6765\u7ade\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7b79\u8d44\u6709\u672f\uff0c\u4e0a\u6765\u5c31\u5ba3\u5e03\u653e\u5f03\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u82b1\u94b1\u6570\u989d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d22\u653f\u5b9e\u529b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5c31\u5413\u5f97\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u4e0d\u6562\u51fa\u9a6c\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5e03\u4ec0\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u201c\u7126\u571f\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u548c\u201c\u9ed1\u62db\u201d<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u624b\u8155\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u201c\u7126\u571f\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u51fb\u8d25\u5bf9\u624b\u9891\u9891\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6697\u6740\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7559\u6307\u7eb9\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000<br \/>\n\u3000\u5e03\u4ec0\u5f53\u5e74\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u5fb7\u5dde\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u9897\u653f\u6cbb\u660e\u661f\u3001\u5973\u5dde\u957fAnn<br \/>\nRichards\u7ade\u9009\u5fb7\u5dde\u5dde\u957f\u65f6\uff0cRichards\u9891\u9891\u88ab\u201c\u9ed1\u62db\u513f\u201d\u51fb\u4e2d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5fb7\u5dde\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u5e38\u5e38\u63a5\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c11\u8c03\u7535\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u4f60\u77e5\u9053Richards\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u5973<br \/>\n\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u5305\u56f4\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u51c6\u5907\u6295\u5979\u7684\u7968\uff1f\u201d\u8fd9\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u4e2a\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u7b49\u4e8e\u9020\u4e86Richards\u7684\u8c23\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8f66\u7a97\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u4eba\u653e\u7f6e<br \/>\n\u4e86\u5ba3\u4f20\u54c1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u534a\u88f8\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u72c2\u543b\u7684\u8272\u60c5\u7167\uff0c\u8b66\u544a\u9009\u6c11Richards\u8fde\u4efb\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000<br \/>\n\u3000\u53bb\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u62db\u513f\u201d\u73a9\u5230\u4e86\u5371\u9669\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002\u5f53\u7f8e\u56fd\u524d\u5927\u4f7fJoseph Wilson\u5bf9\u5e03\u4ec0\u653f\u5e9c\u5173\u4e8e\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u63d0\u51fa\u6000\u7591\u65f6\uff0c<br \/>\nWilson\u59bb\u5b50\u4f5c\u4e3aCIA\u4fbf\u8863\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u88ab\u6cc4\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cc4\u5bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u6309\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6700\u9ad8\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d7\u5230\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002<br \/>\nWilson\u8ba4\u5b9a\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9ed1\u624b\u662f\u7f57\u592b\u3002\u7f57\u592b\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6b64\u4e8b\u8fd8\u5728\u88ab\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u7f57\u592b\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u56e2\u5e94\u6218\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000<br \/>\n\u3000\u548c\u5207\u5c3c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7f57\u592b\u867d\u7136\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8d8a\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u5374\u60f3\u529e\u6cd5\u9003\u907f\u4e86\u5175\u5f79\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u82f1\u96c4\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ece\u827e\u68ee\u8c6a\u5a01\u5c14\u3001\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\uff0c\u5230\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u82f1\u96c4\u7ecf\u5e38<br 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color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u523a\u5ba2\u9762\u76ee\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u63a9\u76d6\u4ed6\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5929\u624d\u3002\u7f57\u592b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7535\u6ce2\u6240\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u65f6\u4ee3\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u5f0f\u7684\u5730\u9762\u653f\u6cbb\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e7f\u544a\u5df2\u7ecf\u9971\u548c\uff0c\u5730\u6bef\u5f0f\u8f70\u70b8\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u653b\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u9009\u6c11\u75b2\u52b3\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5a92\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u8fd8\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\uff0c\u8fd8\u5173\u5fc3\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u8c03\u52a8\u8d77\u6765\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u7f57\u592b\u57281981\u5e74\u8f9e\u6389\u516c\u804c\uff0c\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u90ae\u5bc4(direct mail)\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u90ae\u5bc4\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4f20\u5a92\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u5c31\u50cf\u201c\u5e7f\u64ad\u201d(broadcasting)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6240\u6307\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u5730\u4f20\u9001\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u5176\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u4e8e\u5730\u6bef\u5f0f\u4fe1\u606f\u8f70\u70b8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u533a\u522b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u76f4\u63a5\u90ae\u5bc4\u5219\u662f\u201c\u7a84\u64ad\u201d(narrow -casting)\uff0c\u662f\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8f70\u70b8\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font 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color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u7f57\u592b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u8d85\u4eba\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8bf4\u5fb7\u5dde\u897f\u90e8\u67d0\u53bf\u5f88\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a6c\u4e0a\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u628a\u90a3\u4e2a\u53bf\u5185\u51e0\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u533a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6295\u7968\u503e\u5411\u4e00\u9879\u4e00\u9879\u5730\u5206\u6790\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u4ed6\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7740\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u91cc\u6709\u4e2a\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u7684\u65b0\u9009\u533a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u95ee\u7f57\u592b\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u6743\u529b\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u3002<br \/>\n<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><font style=\"line-height: 150%; font-size: 14px;\" size=\"3\"><font color=\"#000000\">\u3000<br \/>\n\u3000\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u66f4\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u7f57\u592b\u80fd\u591f\u9274\u522b\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u8c01\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5e03\u4ec0\u7236\u5b50\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u770b\u5f97\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u643a\u7f57\u592b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7f57\u592b\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0<br \/>\n\u624d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u548c\u5e03\u4ec0\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u8981\u95ee\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5341\u5206\u6177\u6168\u5730\u5938\u5956\uff1a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u54c1\u683c\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u5f00\u653e\u6df1\u6c89\uff0c\u9ad8\u96c5\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5177\u4f53\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u5fc3<br \/>\n\u91cc\u5bf9\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u7684\u624d\u80fd\u5e76\u65e0\u6df1\u523b\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u63d0\u89c1\u5e03\u4ec0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u9a6c\u4e0a\u795e\u91c7\u98de\u626c\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u4eba\u8c08\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7ea6\u4f1a\u4e00\u6837\uff1a\u90a3\u662f1973\u5e74\u611f\u6069\u8282\u7684\u524d\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u7f57\u592b\u53d7\u6258\u5230<br 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